二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)譯法
英語中被動(dòng)語態(tài)的使用范圍極為廣泛, 尤其是在科技英語中, 被動(dòng)語態(tài)幾乎隨處可見, 凡是在不必、不愿說出或不知道主動(dòng)者的情況下均可使用被動(dòng)語態(tài), 因此, 掌握被動(dòng)語態(tài)的翻譯方法, 對(duì)于碩士研究生入學(xué)考試的復(fù)習(xí)與應(yīng)考是極為重要的, 因?yàn)樵诖T士研究生入學(xué)考試中，英譯漢文章的內(nèi)容多以科普文章為主。在漢語中, 也有被動(dòng)語態(tài), 通常通過“把”或“被”等詞體現(xiàn)出來, 但它的使用范圍遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于英語中被動(dòng)語態(tài)的使用范圍, 因此英語中的被動(dòng)語態(tài)在很多情況下都翻譯成主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。
對(duì)于英語原文的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu), 我們一般采取下列的方法:
天津南開區(qū)翻譯公司1. 翻譯成漢語的主動(dòng)句英語原文的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯成漢語的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)又可以進(jìn)一步分為幾種不同的情況。
(1) 英語原文中的主語在譯文中仍做主語。在采用此方法時(shí), 我們往往在譯文中使用了 “加以”, “經(jīng)過”, “用??來”等詞來體現(xiàn)原文中的被動(dòng)含義。例如: 例1.Other questions will be discussed briefly. 其它問題將簡(jiǎn)單地加以討論。
例2.In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.換言之, 礦物就是存在于地球上, 但須經(jīng)過挖掘、鉆孔、人工爆破或類似作業(yè)才能獲得的物質(zhì)。
例3.Nuclear power\'s danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.核能對(duì)健康、安全, 甚至對(duì)生命本身構(gòu)成的危險(xiǎn)可以用一個(gè)詞—輻射來概括。
(2) 將英語原文中的主語翻譯為賓語, 同時(shí)增補(bǔ)泛指性的詞語(人們,大家等)作主語。
例如:
例1.It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real.
可能有人會(huì)指出, 無線電廣播同樣也能做到這一點(diǎn), 但還是電視屏幕上的節(jié)目要生動(dòng)、真實(shí)得多。
例2.Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. (85年考題)
人們常說, 電視使人了解時(shí)事, 熟悉政治領(lǐng)域的最新發(fā)展變化, 并能源源不斷 地為觀眾提供各種既有教育意義又有趣的節(jié)目。
畢業(yè)論文的英文摘要怎么翻譯例3.It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. 人們普遍認(rèn)為，孩子們的早年經(jīng)歷在很大程度上決定了他們的性格及其未來的人品。
另外, 下列的結(jié)構(gòu)也可以通過這一手段翻譯: It is asserted that ? 有人主張 ?? It is believed that ? 有人認(rèn)為??It is generally considered that ? 大家(一般人)認(rèn)為 It is well known that ? 大家知道(眾所周知)?? It will be said ? 有人會(huì)說?? It was told that ? 有人曾經(jīng)說??
(3) 將英語原文中的by, in, for等做狀語的介詞短語翻譯成譯文的主語, 在此情況下, 英語原文中的主語一般被翻譯成賓語。
例如: 例1.A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor. 原子反應(yīng)堆需要一種合適的燃料。
例2.By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束時(shí), 這個(gè)組織拯救了八百人, 但那是以二百多比利時(shí)人和法國(guó)人的生命為代價(jià)的。
例3.And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. (93年考題)許多人認(rèn)為, 普通人的思維活動(dòng)根本無法與科學(xué)家的思維過程相比, 而且認(rèn)為這些思維過程必須經(jīng)過某種專門的訓(xùn)練才能掌握。
(4) 翻譯成漢語的無主句。
例如:例1.Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.應(yīng)該盡最大努力告誡年輕人吸煙的危害, 特別是吸上煙癮后的可怕后果。(82年考題)
例2.By this procedure, different honeys have been found to vary widely in the sensitivity of their inhibit to heat.通過這種方法分析發(fā)現(xiàn)不同種類的蜂蜜的抗菌活動(dòng)對(duì)熱的敏感程度也極為不同。
例3.Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.在我們這個(gè)世紀(jì)內(nèi)研制了許多新奇的交通工具, 其中最奇特的也許就是氣墊 船了。
例4.New source of energy must be found, and this will take time?. 必須找到新的能源，這需要時(shí)間??
