很多備戰(zhàn)考研的考生都對(duì)英語(yǔ)翻譯十分的頭疼，跨考教育英語(yǔ)教研室李老師就為大家簡(jiǎn)單講解翻譯常用且實(shí)用的八大技巧，希望對(duì)考生復(fù)習(xí)考研英語(yǔ)有所幫助。
1.重譯法(Repetition)
在翻譯中，有時(shí)為了忠實(shí)于原文，不得不重復(fù)某些詞語(yǔ)，否則就不能忠實(shí)表達(dá)原文的意思。重譯法有如下三大作用：一是為了明確;二是為了強(qiáng)調(diào);三是為了生動(dòng)。
We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence, which is now growing more and more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa.
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2.增譯法(Amplification)
為了使譯文忠實(shí)地表達(dá)原文的意思與風(fēng)格并使譯文合乎表達(dá)習(xí)慣，必須增加一些詞語(yǔ)。
A new kind aircraft-small, cheap, pilotless -is attracting increasing attention.
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3.減譯法(Omission)
和其他一切事物一樣，翻譯也是有增必有減。理解了增譯法之后也就明白了減譯法，它是增譯法的反面。
These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources.
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4.詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)譯法(Conversion)
在翻譯時(shí)，由于兩種語(yǔ)言在語(yǔ)法和習(xí)慣表達(dá)上的差異，在保證原文意思不變的情況下，譯文必須改變?cè)~類(lèi)，這就是詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)譯法，這種方法不僅指詞類(lèi)的改變，而且還包括詞類(lèi)作用的改變和一定詞序的變化。
(1)a.→v.
The manager is grateful to the customers for their valuable suggestions.
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(2)n.→a.
In all this great serenity of ocean it is seldom that we espy so much as another ship.
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還有其它詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)移的情況，這里將不再一一贅述，總之，詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)移要遵守忠實(shí)與通順的原則。
5.詞序調(diào)整法(Inversion)
詞序調(diào)整法的英語(yǔ)inversion一詞，不能譯成“倒譯”、“倒譯法”或“顛倒詞序”之類(lèi)，否則容易和語(yǔ)法中的“倒裝”概念相混淆。inversion作為一種翻譯技巧，其意思為：翻譯時(shí)對(duì)詞序作必要或必不可少的改變，并不只是純粹的顛倒詞序或倒裝。
It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January.
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6.正義反譯，反義正譯(Negation)
negation在語(yǔ)法與翻譯兩個(gè)不同學(xué)科中含義不盡相同。作為一種翻譯技巧，它主要指在翻譯實(shí)踐中，為了使譯文忠實(shí)而合乎語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣地傳達(dá)原文的意思，有時(shí)必須把原文中的肯定說(shuō)法變成譯文中的否定說(shuō)法，或把原文中的否定說(shuō)法變成譯文中的肯定說(shuō)法。
(1) 需要正義反譯的詞和短語(yǔ)有：deny“否決，否定→不給予”;miss“錯(cuò)過(guò)→沒(méi)趕上(交通工具);沒(méi)聽(tīng)(看到)或沒(méi)聽(tīng)(看懂)”;live up to one’s expectations“不(沒(méi))辜負(fù)……的希望”;divert attention from“將注意力從……移開(kāi)→沒(méi)有意識(shí)到”;be absent“未出席;沒(méi)來(lái)”;far from“遠(yuǎn)非;完全不”;final“最終的→不可改變的”;idly“漫不經(jīng)心地;無(wú)所事事地”;be at a loss “不知所措”;rather than/instead of“而不是”;absent-minded“心不在焉的”;but for“要不是;如果沒(méi)有”等。
The scientists made a solemn pledge at the conference, saying, “We’ll forever live up to what our Party expects of us.”
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(2)需要反義正譯的詞匯是含有no或not的一些短語(yǔ)，如：no less than“實(shí)在是;正如;不少于”;no less…than“和……一樣;不亞于”;no other than“只有;正是”;none other than(用以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣)“正是;恰恰是;不是別人，正是……”;nothing but“只有(是);只不過(guò)”;no choice but“別無(wú)選擇只(好)得”;以及一些帶有詞綴的詞，如：unfold“展開(kāi);呈現(xiàn)”;disappear“消失;失蹤”;carelessly“馬馬虎虎地;粗心地”等。
From the passage we learn that an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice.
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7.分譯法(Division)
分譯法主要用于長(zhǎng)句的翻譯。為了使譯文忠實(shí)、易懂，有時(shí)不得不把一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句譯成兩句或更多的句子。這是分譯法的主要內(nèi)容，此處所謂的句子不在于結(jié)尾處用句號(hào)，而在于有無(wú)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，含有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的語(yǔ)言部分就是一個(gè)句子。這種句子大是含有定語(yǔ)從句的句子，在英漢互譯時(shí)，尤其在英譯漢中，如能將定語(yǔ)從句譯成前置定語(yǔ)，則盡量避免其他譯法;如譯成前置定語(yǔ)不合適，一般是分譯成另外一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子或另一種從句，如譯成狀語(yǔ)從句等。
It is obvious that his period in office was marked by steep rise in his country’s oil revenues and the beginning of a social-political crisis brought out by wide-scale misuse of the $25 billion a year earning from oil.
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8.語(yǔ)態(tài)變換法(The change of the voices)
這里所說(shuō)的語(yǔ)態(tài)是指主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)在英漢兩種語(yǔ)言中的使用情況是很不相同的，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用是科技文章的主要特點(diǎn)之一，其用法十分廣泛。在漢語(yǔ)中，我們可用“被、讓、把、遭、換、使、由、受到，為……所”等詞來(lái)表示被動(dòng)。但在漢語(yǔ)中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使用頻率比英文要低得多。因此，在遇到被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，應(yīng)遵循漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣，如譯成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)不通，則譯成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
(1)保留其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)
Goodyear, an American, had been trying for years to find a way in which rubber could be made hard, non-sticky, and yet elastic.
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(2)將被動(dòng)改為主動(dòng)
?、?翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的無(wú)主語(yǔ)，如果被動(dòng)句不含by的話(huà)。
If bad weather is expected, the forecaster must be able to suggest another airport within the range of the aircraft where the weather will be suitable for landing.
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?、趯hat引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句仍然譯為賓語(yǔ)，但要加上表泛指的詞語(yǔ)(如人們、大家、我們等)做主語(yǔ)。如：
It is hoped that…
It is reported that…
It is said that…
It is supposed that…
It must be admitted that…
It must be pointed out that…
It is asserted that…
It is believed that…
It is well known that…
It will be said that…
It will be seen from this that…
It was told that…
I was told that…
It may be said…
It may be argued that…
注意：如果被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)既有過(guò)去分詞又有by(或in, for)引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)，這時(shí)將動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者譯成主語(yǔ)。如：It is imagined by many that…
